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- <text id=89TT3246>
- <title>
- Dec. 11, 1989: India:The Fall Of The House Of Nehru
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Dec. 11, 1989 Building A New World
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- WORLD, Page 57
- INDIA
- The Fall of the House of Nehru
- </hdr><body>
- <p>For only the second time since independence, the electorate
- votes the Congress Party out of power
- </p>
- <p>By Lisa Beyer
- </p>
- <p> In the history of modern dynasties, the House of Nehru
- rates one of the heftier chapters. Since India gained
- independence in 1947, its political destiny has been
- inextricably linked with this powerful family, whose scions have
- ruled the country with only two brief interruptions. There was
- Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister and an early
- leader of the durable Congress Party, his daughter Indira
- Gandhi, and her son Rajiv. Such was the family's sway that when
- Indira was assassinated in 1984, the 40-year-old Rajiv, a
- reluctant and unproven politician, was rocketed into high office
- on the strength of one credential: his name.
- </p>
- <p> Suddenly that dynasty is in disrepute. In parliamentary
- elections late last month, the Congress (I) Party, as it is now
- called, was routed from power for only the second time in
- independent India's history. Several corruption scandals, as
- well as Gandhi's accelerating isolation from his people, helped
- squander the reserves of public support that in 1984 had given
- his party an unprecedented 415 of the 542 seats in the Lok
- Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. Congress has been reduced
- to a sorry 192 seats, having lost power to a disparate
- opposition led by Gandhi's archrival, Vishwanath Pratap Singh.
- </p>
- <p> With an estimated 60% of India's 498 million voters taking
- part, the balloting was the biggest democratic exercise in
- world history -- and the bloodiest and most contemptible ever
- held in India. At least 134 people died in election-related
- violence. Because of widespread rigging, new voting was ordered
- in 1,485 polling stations, including 97 in Amethi, Rajiv
- Gandhi's constituency in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh.
- Ultimately, Gandhi was declared the winner over Rajmohan Gandhi,
- a grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and no relation to Rajiv. But 20
- of Rajiv's 59 ministers were defeated, a measure of the Congress
- Party's steep decline.
- </p>
- <p> Gandhi's political enemies owed much of their success to
- the pertinacity of V.P. Singh, India's new Prime Minister. The
- unassuming Singh, 58, served in Indira's governments and as
- Minister of Finance and Defense under Rajiv, but in 1987 he
- resigned, claiming that he had been blocked in his efforts to
- unearth graft related to defense contracts. Soon after, Singh
- launched a dogged national crusade against corruption. For the
- elections, he persuaded several of India's opposition groups to
- quit fighting one another and work together to defeat Congress.
- As a result, they were able to avoid facing each other and thus
- splitting the opposition vote in 387 of the 525 parliamentary
- contests last month.
- </p>
- <p> The opposition's strategy paid off handsomely. Although
- Congress remained the largest party in Parliament, it fell 71
- seats shy of a majority. Three days after the third and final
- day of polling, Gandhi, looking fresh-faced and unperturbed,
- appeared on television to tell the nation, "The people have
- given their verdict. In all humility, we respect that verdict."
- </p>
- <p> Since Singh's Janata Dal (People's Party) and its four
- allies in the National Front coalition gained a total of only
- 144 seats, the anti-Congress forces had to settle for a minority
- government. During the campaign, the National Front cooperated
- with the Bharatiya Janata Party, a right-wing Hindu nationalist
- group, and with the country's two Communist parties to avoid
- three-cornered races. At the polls the Communists took a total
- of 44 seats while the B.J.P. won 88, an extraordinary leap from
- the two seats it held before. But as ideological opposites, the
- B.J.P. and the Communists refused to join any coalition that
- included the other, so a loose entente was arranged: the
- rightists and leftists would stay out of the National Front's
- coalition but would back it in Parliament. With two smaller
- parties pledging support, Singh could count on 283 votes, a
- score more than the 263 he needed for a majority.
- </p>
- <p> Given the fragile underpinnings of the new regime, there is
- intense speculation that it might soon collapse, as did the
- only previous non-Congress government, which fell apart in 1979
- after 212 years in power. If anything will hold the National
- Front and its allies together, however, it will be their
- collective determination to avoid a rerun of that debacle and
- to prevent Rajiv Gandhi from returning to power. Says B.J.P.
- president L.K. Advani: "Our objective is to end dynastic rule
- in New Delhi."
- </p>
- <p> Among the challenges facing the new government are a
- foreign debt of $63 billion, spiraling consumer prices and
- continuing unrest in the states of Punjab, Assam, and Jammu and
- Kashmir. In addressing these woes, the National Front will be
- painfully hamstrung by the need to keep its allies of both the
- left and the right satisfied.
- </p>
- <p> That reality may account for Gandhi's equanimity in defeat.
- While some members of his party initially urged him to try to
- forge a coalition, he concluded that it was wiser to sit back
- and hope that the National Front would soon disintegrate. Says
- a colleague of Gandhi's: "I told him the people want a change.
- If you try to form a government, we will be out of power for 25
- years. This way, it won't be 25 months." That remains to be
- seen, of course. But for the moment, given the chaotic nature
- of India's parliamentary democracy, an obituary for the
- Nehru-Gandhi dynasty seems premature.
- </p>
- <p>--Edward W. Desmond and Anita Pratap/New Delhi
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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